Nutritional and economic evaluation of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae in broiler chicken diets in a community-based model
Larvas de Hermetia illucens en pollos de engorde
Abstract
Poultry farming in Latin America faces growing challenges in ensuring the sustainability of animal feeding, largely due to dependence on imported inputs such as soy and corn. In this context, the present study is part of Insectos por la Paz, a scientific and social initiative that promotes the sustainable use of insects in agri-food systems across the Global South, with a territorial, community-based and circular economy approach. Specifically, the nutritional and economic feasibility of including black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae in broiler chicken diets was evaluated in a rural community in the department of Guaviare, Colombia. Two experimental diets were formulated with 15% fresh larvae inclusion, replacing 10% (MS10) and 20% (MS20) of commercial feed during the finishing phase, and compared with a 100% commercial control diet. Productive parameters (body weight, daily weight gain, feed conversion, and carcass yield) were measured, as well as the costs associated with larval production and feed formulation. The larvae exhibited a favourable nutritional profile, with high levels of protein, lipids, and minerals. No statistically significant differences were found between treatments in zootechnical parameters, but the MS10 group showed the best cost–benefit ratio. Additionally, the community reported a 10% reduction in feed use without compromising productive performance. These results support the use of H. illucens as a functional, economically viable and environmentally sustainable input for community-based poultry systems in rural areas, with potential for scaling up in Global South regions focused on circular bioeconomy and food self-sufficiency models.
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References
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Adams, S.M., Rahman, A., Thomas, B. and Golder, H.M., 2024. Exploring frass as a feed additive and soil amendment in livestock and crop systems: A review. Animals, 14:15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14010015
Ahmed, I., İnal, F., Riaz, R., Ahsan, U., Kuter, E. and Usman, A., 2023. A review of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as a potential alternative protein source in broiler diets. Annals of Animal Science, 23:939–949. https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2022-0094
Acosta, M. and Guzmán, V., 2022. Evaluación del contenido proteico de las larvas de mosca soldado negro (Hermetia illucens sp.) durante el proceso de degradación de biorresiduos. Fundación Universidad de América. https://repository.uamerica.edu.co/server/api/core/bitstreams/a05e8909-b9be-44df-8a0d-bb2e60eb8281/content
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Hosseindoust, A., Ha, S.H., Mun, J.Y. and Kim, J.S., 2023. A meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of substrate sources on the nutritional performance of black soldier fly larvae: implications for sustainable poultry feed. Poultry Science, 103:103299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.103299
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Seyedalmoosavi, M., Mielenz, M., Görs, S., Wolf, P., Daş, G. and Metges, C., 2022. Effects of increasing levels of whole black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae in broiler rations on acceptance, nutrient and energy intakes and utilization, and growth performance of broilers. Poultry Science, 101:102202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2022.102202
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Adams, D. and Koutsos, E., 2024. Applied Research Note: Black Soldier Fly Larvae Frass is an Effective Feed Ingredient for Broiler Diets. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 33:100493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japr.2024.100493
Adams, S.M., Rahman, A., Thomas, B. and Golder, H.M., 2024. Exploring frass as a feed additive and soil amendment in livestock and crop systems: A review. Animals, 14:15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14010015
Ahmed, I., İnal, F., Riaz, R., Ahsan, U., Kuter, E. and Usman, A., 2023. A review of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) as a potential alternative protein source in broiler diets. Annals of Animal Science, 23:939–949. https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2022-0094
Acosta, M. and Guzmán, V., 2022. Evaluación del contenido proteico de las larvas de mosca soldado negro (Hermetia illucens sp.) durante el proceso de degradación de biorresiduos. Fundación Universidad de América. https://repository.uamerica.edu.co/server/api/core/bitstreams/a05e8909-b9be-44df-8a0d-bb2e60eb8281/content
Auzins, A., Leimane, I., Reissaar, R., Brobakk, J., Sakelaite, I., Grivins, M. and Zihare, L., 2024. Assessing the socio-economic benefits and costs of insect meal as a fishmeal substitute in livestock and aquaculture. Animals, 14:1461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14101461
Avendaño, C., Sánchez, M. and Valenzuela, C., 2020. Insectos: ¿son realmente una alternativa para la alimentación de animales y humanos? Revista Chilena de Nutrición, 47:1029–1037. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-75182020000601029
Baderuddin, S., David, L., Wester, T. and Morel, P., 2024. Influence of different levels of black soldier fly larvae meal on growth performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens. Livestock Science, 105588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2024.105588
Barragán-Fonseca, K.B., Dicke, M. and van Loon, J.J.A., 2017. Nutritional value of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) and its suitability as animal feed – a review. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 3:105–120. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2016.0055
Barragán-Fonseca, K.Y., Barragán-Fonseca, K.B., Verschoor, G., van Loon, J.J. and Dicke, M., 2020. Insects for peace. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 40:85–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2020.05.011
Barragán-Fonseca, K.B., Gómez, D., Lalander, C.H., Dzepe, D. and Chia, S.Y., 2024. Review – Insect farming for food and feed in the Global South: focus on black soldier fly production. Animal, 101397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2024.101397
Barragán-Fonseca, K.B., Cortés-Urquijo, J., Pineda-Mejía, J., Lagos-Sierra, D. and Dicke, M., 2023. Small-scale black soldier fly-fish farming: a model with socioeconomic benefits. Animal Frontiers, 13:91–101. https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfad030
Barragán-Fonseca, K.B., 2024. Navigating social, environmental, and economic complexities of insect farming to contribute to sustainable agrifood systems. Animal Science Cases, 2024:ascs20240004. https://doi.org/10.1079/animalsciencecases.2024.0004
Baderuddin, S., David, L., Wester, T., y Morel, P., 2024. Influence of different levels of black soldier fly larvae meal on growth performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens. Livestock Science, 105588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2024.105588
Beesigamukama, D., Mochoge, B., Korir, N., Menale, K., Muriithi, B., Kidoido, M., Kirscht, H., Diiro, G., Ghemoh, C., Sevgan, S., Nakimbugwe, D., Musyoka, M., Ekesi, S. and Tanga, C., 2022. Economic and ecological values of frass fertiliser from black soldier fly agro-industrial waste processing. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 8:245–254. https://doi.org/10.3920/jiff2021.0013
Cárdenas Díaz, J. A., Pérez Páez, N. S. (eds.) y Lerma, A. L. (coord.)., 2018. Reintegración comunitaria de excombatientes en Colombia: una mirada desde lo territorial. Bogotá: Editorial Universidad del Rosario, Agencia para la Reincorporación y la Normalización, Presidencia de la República. https://doi.org/10.12804/th9789587841640
Caruso, D., Devic, E., Subamia, I.W., Talamond, P. and Baras, E., 2013. Technical handbook of domestication and production of diptera black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, Stratiomyidae). Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD). https://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers17-11/010063336.pdf
Chia, S.Y., Tanga, C.M., van Loon, J.J. and Dicke, M., 2019. Insects for sustainable animal feed: inclusive business models involving smallholder farmers. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 41:23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2019.09.003
Cobb. 2013. Guía de Manejo del Pollo de Engorde. Cobb. https://eliasnutri.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/cobb-broiler-management-guide-spanish-2.pdf
Cullere, M., Tasoniero, G., Giaccone, V., Miotti-Scapin, R., Claeys, E., De Smet, S. and Dalle Zotte, A., 2019. Black soldier fly as dietary protein source for broiler quails: apparent digestibility, carcass traits and meat quality. Animal, 13:942–949. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118002600
Dörper, A., Berman, H.M., Gort, G., van Harn, J., Dicke, M. and Veldkamp, T., 2024. Effects of different black soldier fly larvae products on slow-growing broiler performance and carcass characteristics. Poultry Science, 103:103481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.103481
FEDNA, 2019. Tablas FEDNA sobre la composición y el valor nutricional de las materias primas para la producción de piensos compuestos, volumen 4, 4.ª edición. de Blas, C.; García-Rebollar, P.; Gorrachategui, M.; Mateos, GG (Eds.). ISBN: 978-8409156887. Madrid, España. Recuperado el 1 de mayo de 2025 de https://www.fundacionfedna.org/ingredientes_para_piensos/aceites-y-ole%C3%ADnas-de-origen-vegetal
Hosseindoust, A., Ha, S.H., Mun, J.Y. and Kim, J.S., 2023. A meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of substrate sources on the nutritional performance of black soldier fly larvae: implications for sustainable poultry feed. Poultry Science, 103:103299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.103299
Italcol., 2019. Manual de pollo de engorde. Italcol S.A. https://italcol.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/MANUAL_POLLO_ENGORDE_ITALCOL.pdf
Jia, M., Zhang, Y., Gao, Y., y Ma, X., 2020. Effects of medium chain fatty acids on intestinal health of monogastric animals. Current Protein and Peptide Science, 21(8), 777–784. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389203721666191231145901
Jie, Y., Wen, C., Huang, Q., Gu, S., Sun, C., Li, G., Yan, Y., Wu, G., y Yang, N., 2024. Distinct Patterns of Feed Intake and Their Association with Growth Performance in Broilers. Poultry Science, 103(9), 103974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2024.103974
Leeson S, Summers J. Nutrición Aviar Comercial. Bogotá: Le’ Print Club Express Ltda. Universidad Nacional de Colombia; 2000.
Li, W., Li, Q., Wang, Y., Zheng, L., Zhang, Y., Yu, Z., Chen, H., y Zhang, J., 2018. Efficient bioconversion of organic wastes to value-added chemicals by soaking, black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) and anaerobic fermentation. Journal of Environmental Management, 227(August), 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.08.084
Machado, M., Catarino, J., Almeida, J., Lopes, I., Alvarado, A., Matos, R., Ribeiro, T., Faísca, P., Moreira, O., and Murta, D., 2022. Effects of soybean meal replacement by Hermetia illucens larvae meal on growth performance, meat quality and gastrointestinal health in broilers. Journal Of Insects As Food And Feed, 9(5), 569-582. https://doi.org/10.3920/jiff2022.0118
Madau, F.A., Arru, B., Furesi, R. and Pulina, P., 2020. Insect farming for feed and food production from a circular business model perspective. Sustainability, 12:5418. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12135418
Menino, R., Felizes, F., Castelo-Branco, M. A., Fareleira, P., Moreira, O., Nunes, R., y Murta, D., 2021. Agricultural value of Black Soldier Fly larvae frass as organic fertilizer on ryegrass. Heliyon, 7(1), e05855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05855
Meneguz, M., Schiavone, A., Gai, F., Dama, A., Lussiana, C., Renna, M., y Gasco, L., 2018. Effect of rearing substrate on growth performance, waste reduction efficiency and chemical composition of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 98(15), 5776-5784. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.9127
Mutuku, K.V., Mukhebi, A.W., Orinda, M.A. and Tanga, C.M., 2022. Determinants of profitability of black soldier fly farming enterprise in Kenya. Journal of Insects as Food and Feed, 8:693–700. https://doi.org/10.3920/JIFF2021.0066
Ojha, S., Bußler, S., y Schlüter, O. K., 2020. Food waste valorisation and circular economy concepts in insect production and processing. Waste Management, 118, 600–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.09.010
Ouko, K.O., 2023. Socio-economic efficiency of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal for aquaculture production. Master’s thesis, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology. http://ir.jooust.ac.ke/handle/123456789/14075
Pinotti, L., Giromini, C., Ottoboni, M., Tretola, M., y Marchis, D., 2019. Review: Insects and former foodstuffs for upgrading food waste biomasses/streams to feed ingredients for farm animals. Animal, 13(7), 1365–1375. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118003622
Poveda, J., 2021. Insect frass in the development of sustainable agriculture. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 41:1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-020-00656-x
Roy, J.K., Ahmed, J.U., Mannaf, M., Jannat, A. and Islam, M.M., 2024. Assessing the economic viability and factors affecting farmer adoption of black soldier fly larvae as broiler feed in Bangladesh: a comparative analysis. Discover Agriculture, 2:71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44279-024-00064-9
Schiavone, A., Cullere, M., De Marco, M., Meneguz, M., Biasato, I., Bergagna, S., Dezzutto, D., Gai, F., Dabbou, S., Gasco, L. and Dalle Zotte, A., 2017. Partial or total replacement of soybean oil by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.) fat in broiler diets: Effect on growth performances, feed-choice, blood traits, carcass characteristics and meat quality. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 16:93–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2016.1249968
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Published
2025-08-02
How to Cite
Moreno, Laura Priscila, Liliana Lucía Betancourt López, Katherine Y. Barragán-Fonseca, and Karol Bibiana Barragán-Fonseca. 2025. “Nutritional and Economic Evaluation of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia Illucens) Larvae in Broiler Chicken Diets in a Community-Based Model: Larvas De Hermetia Illucens En Pollos De Engorde”. Archivos Latinoamericanos De Producción Animal 33 (2), 107-22. https://doi.org/10.53588/alpa.330204.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Laura Priscila Moreno, Liliana Lucía Betancourt López, Katherine Y. Barragán-Fonseca, Karol Bibiana Barragán-Fonseca
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