Artificial insemination strategies in cattle: From the conventional to the use of sexed semen
Keywords:
artificial insemination, reproductive technologies, pregnancy rate, physiological cycle
Abstract
In cattle, traditional or conventional artificial insemination (CAI) not only plays a vital role in the successful establishment of pregnancy, which is a prerequisite for the onset of lactation, but also in accelerating genetic improvement and facilitating distribution. from the semen of genetically superior bulls. The latter has been greatly facilitated by the ability to successfully cryopreserve semen. The management of the thawed semen straw is of vital importance; Thawed semen must be protected from thermal shocks during the process of thawing and deposition in the uterus, which should last between 6 to 8 minutes. Correct AI should occur in the body of the uterus, however seminal deposition in the uterine horns provides only a modest improvement in conception rates. The interval from the onset of estrus to the time of ovulation (ICO) appears to be similar for cows and heifers, being around 28 h, however, there is a large variation (standard deviations from 5 to 6 h) around this time. average. The prevention of postpartum pathologies and adequate nutritional management during the cyclicity of the cow and early pregnancy are key to achieving pregnancy. The incorporation of AI with sexed semen (IAX) for commercial use continues to be a limitation, since pregnancy rates continue to be sub-optimal and its cost is high, therefore, it is only recommended to implement it in farms where its rate of pregnancy with IAC is exceptional and above average.
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References
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Baruselli, P.S., Sales, J.N., Sala, R.V., Vieira, L.M., Sá Filho, M.F. (2012). History, evolution and perspectives of timed artificial insemination programs in Brazil. Animal Reproduction, 9, 139-152.
Boland, M.P., Lonergan, P. (2003). Effect of nutrition on fertility in dairy cows. Advanced Dairy Technology, 15: 19.
Cartmill, J.A., El-Zarkouny, S.Z., Hensley, B.A., Lamb, G.C., Stevenson, J.S. (2001). Stage of cycle, incidence, and timing of ovulation, and pregnancy rates in dairy cattle after three timed breeding protocols. Journal of Dairy Science, 84(5), 1051-1059. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74565-1
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Dhaliwal, G. S., Murray, R. D., Dobson, H. (1996). Effects of milk yield, and calving to first service interval, in determining herd fertility in dairy cows. Animal Reproduction Science, 41(2), 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(95)01441-1
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Galina CS, Orihuela A, Rubio I. (1996). Behavioural trends affecting oestrus detection in zebu cattle. Animal Reproduction Science, 42: 465-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(96)01491-1
Garner, D. L., Gledhill, B. L., Pinkel, D., Lake, S., Stephenson, D., Van Dilla, M. A., Johnson, L. A. (1983). Quantification of the X-and Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa of domestic animals by flow cytometry. Biology of Reproduction, 28(2), 312-321. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod28.2.312
GebreMedhin D. (2005). All in one: A Practical Guide To Dairy Farming. Agri-Service Ethiopia Printing Unit, Addis Ababa. Pp: 15-21.
Haugan, T., Reksen, O., Gröhn, Y. T., Kommisrud, E., Ropstad, E., Sehested, E. (2005). Seasonal effects of semen collection and artificial insemination on dairy cow conception. Animal Reproduction Science, 90(1-2), 57-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2005.02.002
Holm DE, Thompson PN, Irons PC. (2008). The economic effects of an estrus synchronization protocol using prostaglandin in beef heifers. Theriogenology, 70, 1507-1515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.06.098
Iftikhar AA, Usmani RH, Tunio MT, Abro SH. (2009). Improvement of conception rate in crossbred cattle by using GnRH analogue therapy. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 29, 93-94.
Jane, A. P., Rhonda, C., Jamie, E. L. (2009). Estrus Detection in Cattle. Animal and Dairy Sciences Article: Brown Loam Branch Research and Experiment Station.
Johnson, L. A., Flook, J. P., Hawk, H. W. (1989). Sex preselection in rabbits: live births from X and Y sperm separated by DNA and cell sorting. Biology of Reproduction, 41(2), 199-203. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod41.2.199
Johnson LA. 2000. Sexing mammalian sperm for production of offspring: the state-of-the-art. Animal Reproduction Science, 60, 93-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00088-9
Kebede A. (2018). Review on Factors Affecting Success of Artificial Insemination. Int J Curr Res Aca Rev 6(5), 42-49. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcrar.2018.605.008.
Lemma A (2011). Effect of cryopreservation on semen quality and fertility. In: Manafi, M ed. Artificial Insemination in farm animals. In Tech, Open Access publisher. Croatia, pp: 191-216.
Lòpez-Gatiu F. (2011). Feeling the ovaries prior to insemination. Clinical implications for improving the fertility of the dairy cow. Theriogenology 76(1):177-183. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.01.030.
Manafi M. (2011). Artificial Insemination in farm animals. IntechOpen (Eds). ISBN 9535164341, 9789535164340. 314 pp.
Mekonnen T, Bekana M, Abayneh T. (2010). Reproductive performance and efficiency of artificial insemination smallholder dairy cows/heifers in and around Arsi-Negelle, Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 22(3). http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/3/meko 22061.htm
Morrell, J. M. (2011). Artificial insemination: current and future trends. Artificial insemination in farm animals, 1, 1-14.
Mukasa-Mugerewa E. (1989). Review of reproductive performance of female Bos indicus (zebu) cattle, International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), Monograph, N°6 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Pp 1-13.
O’Connor (2003). Reviewing Artificial Insemination Technique. The Pennsylvania State University. Agricultural Research and Cooperative Extension. Review Article: 1-6.
Pinheiro OL, Barros CM, Figueiredo RA, Valle, E, Encarnação RO, Padovani CR. (1998). Estrous behavior and the estrus-to-ovulation interval in nelore cattle (Bos indicus) with natural estrus or estrus induced with prostaglandin F2α or norgestomet and estradiol valerate. Theriogenology 49(3): 667-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(98)00017-X
Quintero-Moreno, A., Mayorga-torres, B. J. M., & Maya, W. D. C. (2017). Semen analysis as a tool to predict the reproductive potential in bulls. Journal of Veterinary Andrology, 2(1), 30-37.
Rahim MA and Asghar S. (2007). Evaluation of the treatment of repeat breeder dairy cows with uterine lavage plus PGF2a, with and without Cephapirin. Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 31, 125-129.
Rath D, Barcikowski S, de Graaf S, Garrels W, Grossfeld R, Klein S, Knabe W,Knorr C,Kues W, Meyer H, Michl J, Moench-Tegeder G, Rehbock C, Taylor U, Washausen S. (2013). Sex selection of sperm in farm animals: status report and developmental prospects. Reproduction, 145, 15-30. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-12-0151e
Reese S, Camara Pirez M, Steele H, Kölle S. (2021). The reproductive success of bovine sperm after sex‑sorting: a meta‑analysis. Nature (Scientific Reports) 11, 17366. https://doi .org/10.1038/ s41598-021-96834-2
Rekwot, P. I., Ogwu, D., & Oyedipe, E. O. (2000). Influence of bull biostimulation, season and parity on resumption of ovarian activity of zebu (Bos indicus) cattle following parturition. Animal Reproduction Science, 63(1-2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00163-9
Roche, J. F. (2006). The effect of nutritional management of the dairy cow on reproductive efficiency. Animal reproduction science, 96(3-4), 282-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.08.007
Robinson JJ, Ashworth CJ, Rooke JA, Mitchell LM, McEvoy TG. (2006). Nutrition and fertility in ruminant livestock. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 126, 259–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.08.006
Rodriguez-Martinez, H. (2000). Evaluation of frozen semen:Traditional and new approaches: In the topic of Bull Fertility. International Veterinary Information Service, 1-4.
Roelofs JB, Graat EaM, Mullaart E, Soede NM, Voskamp-Harkema W, Kemp B. (2006). Effects of insemination-ovulation interval on fertilization rates and embryo characteristics in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 66:2173-2181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.07.005
Romano JE, Thompson JA, Kraemer DC, Westhusin ME, Forrest DW, Tomaszweski MA. (2007). Early pregnancy diagnosis by palpation per rectum: Influence on embryo/fetal viability in dairy cattle. Theriogenology, 67(3), 486-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.08.011
Saacke RG. (2008). Insemination factors related to timed AI in cattle. Theriogenology, 70(3), 479-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.015.
Santos JEP, Thatcher WW, Chebel RC, Cerri RLA, Galvão KN. (2004). The effect of embryonic death rates in cattle on the efficacy of estrus synchronization programs. Animal Reproduction Science, (82-83), 513-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.04.015.
Seidel Jr, G. E., Allen, C. H., Brink, Z., Holland, M. D., Cattell, M. B. (1996). Insemination of heifers with very low numbers of frozen spermatozoa. CSU, Atlantic Breeders Cooperative, Lancaster, PA, DUO Dairy, Loveland, CO.
Seidel Jr, G.E., Allen, C.H., Johnson, L.A., Holland, M.D., Brink, Z., Welch, G.R., Grahamm, J.K., Cattell, M. B. (1997). Uterine horn insemination of heifers with very low numbers of nonfrozen and sexed spermatozoa. Theriogenology, 48(8), 1255-1264. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(97)00368-3.
Seidel GE Jr. (2014). Update on sexed semen technology in cattle. Animal, 8(Suppl 1), 160-164. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S1751 731114000202.
Tenhagena BA, Drillich M, Heuwieser W. (2001). Analysis of Cow Factors Influencing Conception rates after two Timed Breeding Protocols. Theriogenology, 56, 831-838. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00611-2
Xu S-Y, Wu D, Guo HY, Zheng AR,nd Zhang G. (2010). The Level of Feed Intake Affects Embryo Survival and Gene Expression During Early Pregnancy in Gilts. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 45, 10-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01331.x
Arthur G.H. (2001). Arthur's Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics. Eighth edition, Pp: 430- 767.
Ball, P.J.H, Peters, A.R. (2004). Reproduction in Cattle. Third edition, Fibiol. Pp:1-13. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470751091
Baruselli, P.S., Sales, J.N., Sala, R.V., Vieira, L.M., Sá Filho, M.F. (2012). History, evolution and perspectives of timed artificial insemination programs in Brazil. Animal Reproduction, 9, 139-152.
Boland, M.P., Lonergan, P. (2003). Effect of nutrition on fertility in dairy cows. Advanced Dairy Technology, 15: 19.
Cartmill, J.A., El-Zarkouny, S.Z., Hensley, B.A., Lamb, G.C., Stevenson, J.S. (2001). Stage of cycle, incidence, and timing of ovulation, and pregnancy rates in dairy cattle after three timed breeding protocols. Journal of Dairy Science, 84(5), 1051-1059. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74565-1
Cran, D., Johnson, L., Miller, N., Cochrane, D. & Polge, C. (1993, 9 enero). Production of bovine calves following separation of X- and Y-chromosome bearing sperm and in vitro fertilisation. Veterinary Record, 132(2), 40-41. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.132.2.40
Dhaliwal, G. S., Murray, R. D., Dobson, H. (1996). Effects of milk yield, and calving to first service interval, in determining herd fertility in dairy cows. Animal Reproduction Science, 41(2), 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(95)01441-1
Funston, R. N., Larson, D. M., Vonnahme, K. A. (2010). Effects of maternal nutrition on conceptus growth and offspring performance: Implications for beef cattle production. Journal of Animal Science, 88(suppl_13), E205-E215. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2351
Galina CS, Orihuela A, Rubio I. (1996). Behavioural trends affecting oestrus detection in zebu cattle. Animal Reproduction Science, 42: 465-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4320(96)01491-1
Garner, D. L., Gledhill, B. L., Pinkel, D., Lake, S., Stephenson, D., Van Dilla, M. A., Johnson, L. A. (1983). Quantification of the X-and Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa of domestic animals by flow cytometry. Biology of Reproduction, 28(2), 312-321. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod28.2.312
GebreMedhin D. (2005). All in one: A Practical Guide To Dairy Farming. Agri-Service Ethiopia Printing Unit, Addis Ababa. Pp: 15-21.
Haugan, T., Reksen, O., Gröhn, Y. T., Kommisrud, E., Ropstad, E., Sehested, E. (2005). Seasonal effects of semen collection and artificial insemination on dairy cow conception. Animal Reproduction Science, 90(1-2), 57-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2005.02.002
Holm DE, Thompson PN, Irons PC. (2008). The economic effects of an estrus synchronization protocol using prostaglandin in beef heifers. Theriogenology, 70, 1507-1515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.06.098
Iftikhar AA, Usmani RH, Tunio MT, Abro SH. (2009). Improvement of conception rate in crossbred cattle by using GnRH analogue therapy. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 29, 93-94.
Jane, A. P., Rhonda, C., Jamie, E. L. (2009). Estrus Detection in Cattle. Animal and Dairy Sciences Article: Brown Loam Branch Research and Experiment Station.
Johnson, L. A., Flook, J. P., Hawk, H. W. (1989). Sex preselection in rabbits: live births from X and Y sperm separated by DNA and cell sorting. Biology of Reproduction, 41(2), 199-203. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod41.2.199
Johnson LA. 2000. Sexing mammalian sperm for production of offspring: the state-of-the-art. Animal Reproduction Science, 60, 93-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00088-9
Kebede A. (2018). Review on Factors Affecting Success of Artificial Insemination. Int J Curr Res Aca Rev 6(5), 42-49. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcrar.2018.605.008.
Lemma A (2011). Effect of cryopreservation on semen quality and fertility. In: Manafi, M ed. Artificial Insemination in farm animals. In Tech, Open Access publisher. Croatia, pp: 191-216.
Lòpez-Gatiu F. (2011). Feeling the ovaries prior to insemination. Clinical implications for improving the fertility of the dairy cow. Theriogenology 76(1):177-183. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.01.030.
Manafi M. (2011). Artificial Insemination in farm animals. IntechOpen (Eds). ISBN 9535164341, 9789535164340. 314 pp.
Mekonnen T, Bekana M, Abayneh T. (2010). Reproductive performance and efficiency of artificial insemination smallholder dairy cows/heifers in and around Arsi-Negelle, Ethiopia. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 22(3). http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/3/meko 22061.htm
Morrell, J. M. (2011). Artificial insemination: current and future trends. Artificial insemination in farm animals, 1, 1-14.
Mukasa-Mugerewa E. (1989). Review of reproductive performance of female Bos indicus (zebu) cattle, International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA), Monograph, N°6 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Pp 1-13.
O’Connor (2003). Reviewing Artificial Insemination Technique. The Pennsylvania State University. Agricultural Research and Cooperative Extension. Review Article: 1-6.
Pinheiro OL, Barros CM, Figueiredo RA, Valle, E, Encarnação RO, Padovani CR. (1998). Estrous behavior and the estrus-to-ovulation interval in nelore cattle (Bos indicus) with natural estrus or estrus induced with prostaglandin F2α or norgestomet and estradiol valerate. Theriogenology 49(3): 667-681. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(98)00017-X
Quintero-Moreno, A., Mayorga-torres, B. J. M., & Maya, W. D. C. (2017). Semen analysis as a tool to predict the reproductive potential in bulls. Journal of Veterinary Andrology, 2(1), 30-37.
Rahim MA and Asghar S. (2007). Evaluation of the treatment of repeat breeder dairy cows with uterine lavage plus PGF2a, with and without Cephapirin. Journal of Veterinary Animal Science, 31, 125-129.
Rath D, Barcikowski S, de Graaf S, Garrels W, Grossfeld R, Klein S, Knabe W,Knorr C,Kues W, Meyer H, Michl J, Moench-Tegeder G, Rehbock C, Taylor U, Washausen S. (2013). Sex selection of sperm in farm animals: status report and developmental prospects. Reproduction, 145, 15-30. https://doi.org/10.1530/REP-12-0151e
Reese S, Camara Pirez M, Steele H, Kölle S. (2021). The reproductive success of bovine sperm after sex‑sorting: a meta‑analysis. Nature (Scientific Reports) 11, 17366. https://doi .org/10.1038/ s41598-021-96834-2
Rekwot, P. I., Ogwu, D., & Oyedipe, E. O. (2000). Influence of bull biostimulation, season and parity on resumption of ovarian activity of zebu (Bos indicus) cattle following parturition. Animal Reproduction Science, 63(1-2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4320(00)00163-9
Roche, J. F. (2006). The effect of nutritional management of the dairy cow on reproductive efficiency. Animal reproduction science, 96(3-4), 282-296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2006.08.007
Robinson JJ, Ashworth CJ, Rooke JA, Mitchell LM, McEvoy TG. (2006). Nutrition and fertility in ruminant livestock. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 126, 259–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2005.08.006
Rodriguez-Martinez, H. (2000). Evaluation of frozen semen:Traditional and new approaches: In the topic of Bull Fertility. International Veterinary Information Service, 1-4.
Roelofs JB, Graat EaM, Mullaart E, Soede NM, Voskamp-Harkema W, Kemp B. (2006). Effects of insemination-ovulation interval on fertilization rates and embryo characteristics in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 66:2173-2181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.07.005
Romano JE, Thompson JA, Kraemer DC, Westhusin ME, Forrest DW, Tomaszweski MA. (2007). Early pregnancy diagnosis by palpation per rectum: Influence on embryo/fetal viability in dairy cattle. Theriogenology, 67(3), 486-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2006.08.011
Saacke RG. (2008). Insemination factors related to timed AI in cattle. Theriogenology, 70(3), 479-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2008.04.015.
Santos JEP, Thatcher WW, Chebel RC, Cerri RLA, Galvão KN. (2004). The effect of embryonic death rates in cattle on the efficacy of estrus synchronization programs. Animal Reproduction Science, (82-83), 513-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2004.04.015.
Seidel Jr, G. E., Allen, C. H., Brink, Z., Holland, M. D., Cattell, M. B. (1996). Insemination of heifers with very low numbers of frozen spermatozoa. CSU, Atlantic Breeders Cooperative, Lancaster, PA, DUO Dairy, Loveland, CO.
Seidel Jr, G.E., Allen, C.H., Johnson, L.A., Holland, M.D., Brink, Z., Welch, G.R., Grahamm, J.K., Cattell, M. B. (1997). Uterine horn insemination of heifers with very low numbers of nonfrozen and sexed spermatozoa. Theriogenology, 48(8), 1255-1264. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0093-691x(97)00368-3.
Seidel GE Jr. (2014). Update on sexed semen technology in cattle. Animal, 8(Suppl 1), 160-164. https://doi.org/10.1017/ S1751 731114000202.
Tenhagena BA, Drillich M, Heuwieser W. (2001). Analysis of Cow Factors Influencing Conception rates after two Timed Breeding Protocols. Theriogenology, 56, 831-838. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00611-2
Xu S-Y, Wu D, Guo HY, Zheng AR,nd Zhang G. (2010). The Level of Feed Intake Affects Embryo Survival and Gene Expression During Early Pregnancy in Gilts. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 45, 10-15. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01331.x
Published
2022-10-20
How to Cite
Quintero, Armando. 2022. “Artificial Insemination Strategies in Cattle: From the Conventional to the Use of Sexed Semen”. Archivos Latinoamericanos De Producción Animal 30 (Supl. 2), 21-30. https://doi.org/10.53588/alpa.300603.
Section
Invited papers
Copyright (c) 2022 Armando Quintero
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